Dutch is closely related to German and English and is said to be between them. Apart from not having undergone the
High German consonant shift, Dutch—like English—has mostly abandoned the
grammatical case system, is relatively unaffected by the
Germanic umlaut, and has
levelled much of its morphology. Dutch historically has three
grammatical genders, but this distinction has far fewer grammatical consequences than in German. Dutch shares with German the use of
subject–verb–object word order in main clauses and
subject–object–verb in subordinate clauses.Dutch vocabulary is mostly Germanic and contains the same Germanic core as German and English, while incorporating more
Romance loans than German and fewer than English.
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Norwegian as established by law and governmental policy, there are two official forms of
written Norwegian –
Bokmål (literally "book tongue") and
Nynorsk (literally "new Norwegian"). The
Norwegian Language Council is responsible for regulating the two forms, and recommends the terms "Norwegian Bokmål" and "Norwegian Nynorsk" in English. Two other written forms without official status also exist:
Riksmål("national language"), which is to a large extent the same language as Bokmål
, but somewhat closer to the Danish language, is regulated by the Norwegian Academy, which translates it as "Standard Norwegian". Høgnorsk ("High Norwegian") is a more purist form of Nynorsk that rejects most of the reforms from the 20th century, but is not widely used.
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Swedish is a
North Germanic language, spoken by approximately 10 million people, predominantly in
Sweden and parts of
Finland, especially along its coast and on the
Åland islands.
It is largely mutually intelligible withNorwegian and Danish. Along with the other North Germanic languages, Swedish is a descendant of
Old Norse, the common language of the
Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the
Viking Era. It is currently the largest of the North Germanic languages by numbers of speakers.
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