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موضوع: آشنایی با گرایش های مختلف روان شناسی و مسائل مرتبط با فرایند اپلای در این گرایش ها

  1. #31
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    پیش فرض پاسخ : آشنایی با گرایش های مختلف روان شناسی و مسائل مرتبط با فرایند اپلای در این گرای

    INDUSTRIALIST AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY


    University I-O Programs in US
    تصاویر پیوست فایل‌های پیوست

  2. #32
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    پیش فرض پاسخ : آشنایی با گرایش های مختلف روان شناسی و مسائل مرتبط با فرایند اپلای در این گرای

    INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY


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    Country
    Number of programs
    Country
    Number of programs
    U.S.
    124
    France
    4
    Germany
    11
    New Zealand
    4
    Australia
    7
    Spain
    4
    Canada
    10
    Turkey
    4
    England
    7
    Korea
    3
    Belgium
    5
    Nigeria
    3
    China
    5
    Puerto Rico
    3
    Netherlands
    5
    Countries with the most I/O graduate programs
    INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY


  4. #34
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    Environmental psychology



    Environmental psychology examines the interrelationship between environments and human behavior. The field defines the term environment very broadly including all that is natural on the planet as well as social settings, built environments, learning environments and informational environments. When solving problems involving human-environment interactions, whether global or local, one must have a model of human nature that predicts the environmental conditions under which humans will behave in a decent and creative manner. With such a model one can design, manage, protect and/or restore environments that enhance reasonable behavior, predict what the likely outcome will be when these conditions are not met, and diagnose problem situations. The field develops such a model of human nature while retaining a broad and inherently multidisciplinary focus. It explores such dissimilar issues as common property resource management, wayfinding in complex settings, the effect of environmental stress on human performance, the characteristics of restorative environments, human information processing, and the promotion of durable conservation behavior
    .

  5. #35
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    ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY


    There are several recurrent elements in the research literature that help to define this relatively new field

    Attention - Understanding human behavior starts with understanding how people notice the environment. This includes at least two kinds of stimuli: those that involuntarily, even distractingly, command human notice, as well as those places, things or ideas to which humans must voluntarily, and with some effort (and resulting fatigue), direct their awareness. Restoring and enhancing people’s capacity to voluntarily direct their attention is a major factor in maintaining human effectiveness.


    Perception and cognitive maps
    - How people image the natural and built environment has been an interest of this field from its beginning. Information is stored in the brain as spatial networks called cognitive maps. These structures link one’s recall of experiences with perception of present events, ideas and emotions. It is through these neural networks that humans know and think about the environment, plan and carry out their plans. Interestingly, what humans know about an environment is both more than external reality in that they perceive with prior knowledge and expectations, and less than external reality in that they record only a portion of the entire visual frame yet recall it as complete and continuous
    .
    Preferred environments
    - People tend to seek out places where they feel competent and confident, places where they can make sense of the environment while also being engaged with it. Research has expanded the notion of preference to include coherence (a sense that things in the environment hang together) and legibility (the inference that one can explore an environment without becoming lost) as contributors to environmental comprehension. Being involved and wanting to explore an environment requires that it have complexity (containing enough variety to make it worth learning about) and mystery (the prospect of gaining more information about an environment). Preserving, restoring and creating a preferred environment is thought to increase sense of well being and behavioral effectiveness in humans
    .
    Environmental stress and coping - Along with the common environmental stressors (e.g., noise, climatic extremes) some define stress as the failure of preference, including in the definition such cognitive stressors as prolonged uncertainty, lack of predictability and stimulus overload. Research has identified numerous behavioral and cognitive outcomes including physical illness, diminished altruism, helplessness and attentional fatigue. Coping with stress involves a number of options. Humans can change their physical or social settings to create more supportive environments (e.g., smaller scaled settings, territories) where they can manage the flow of information or stress inducing stimuli. People can also endure the stressful period, incurring mental costs that they deal with later, in restorative settings (e.g., natural areas, privacy, solitude). They can also seek to interpret or make sense of a situation as a way to defuse its stressful effects, often sharing these interpretations as a part of their culture
    .
    Participation - The field is committed to enhancing citizen involvement in environmental design, management and restoration efforts. It is concerned not only with promoting citizen comprehension of environmental issues but with insuring their early and genuine participation in the design, modification and management of environments.

  6. #36
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    ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

    Graduate Programs in Environmental and Conservation Psychology


    The following universities either have eco- or environmental psychology graduate programs, or they offer relevant concentrations in other environmental and design programs. We are unaware of any graduate programs offering specific training in population psychology, though there are quite a few universities in the U.S. and abroad which offer advanced training in population studies, as well as opportunities to combine population studies and psychology in universities which offer interdisciplinary graduate degrees
    .
    Antioch University New England, NH
    Environmental Studies (MS/PhD) with variety of concentrations and research specializations in environmental and conservation psychology

    Antioch University Seattle, WA
    Applied Psychology (MA) with ecopsychology concentration

    Arizona State University
    Developmental Psychology (MA/PhD) with coursework and research in environmental psychology; Applied Psychology (MS) with Human Factors emphasis; Landscape Architecture (MLA); Built Environment (MSBE); Design (MSD); Design, Environment, and the Arts (PhD

    California Institute of Integral Studies
    East-West Psychology (MA/PhD) with variety of concentrations, including ecopsychology; Philosophy, Cosmology, & Consciousness Studies (MA/PhD) with Integral Ecology track

    California State University, San Marcos
    General Experimental Psychology (MA) with conservation psychology coursework

    Carleton University, Ontario (Canada)
    Psychology (MA/PhD) with conservation psychology research focus

    City University of New York (CUNY)
    Environmental Psychology (PhD
    )
    College of the Atlantic, ME
    Human Ecology (MPh
    )
    Colorado State University
    Applied Social Psychology (MA/PhD) with Environmental Psychology concentration

    Cornell University, NY
    Human Environmental Relations (MS); Design (MA) with sustainability concentration; Human Behavior & Design (PhD) with sustainability and environmental psychology coursework and research

    Humboldt State University, CA
    Social & Environmental Psychology (MA); Environment & Community (MA)
    Indiana University
    Recreation (MS) with Therapeutic Recreation track; Leisure Behavior (PhD)
    Institute of Global Education, WA
    Applied Ecopsychology (MS/PhD)
    John F. Kennedy University, CA
    Ecotherapy certificate
    Lakeland University, Ontario (Canada)
    Nature-Based Recreation & Tourism (MES)
    Lesley University, MA
    Ecological Teaching & Learning (MS)
    Lewis & Clark College, OR
    Counseling Psychology (MA/MS) with eco-counseling certification (in development)
    Lund University of Technology (Sweden)
    Social Science & Human Ecology (MS) with concentration in Culture, Power, & Sustainability; Sustainable Urban Design (MS)
    Minnesota State University, Mankato
    Experiential Education (MS) with Adventure Education program
    Naropa University, CO
    Transpersonal Psychology (MA) with ecopsychology concentration; Transpersonal Counseling Psychology (MA) with wilderness therapy concentration; Environmental Leadership (MA) with ecopsychology coursework
    Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
    Psychology (MS) with environmental psychology coursework
    Pacifica Graduate Institute, CA
    Depth Psychology (MA/PhD) with ecopsychology concentration
    Pennsylvania State University
    Social Psychology (PhD) with research opportunities in environmental issues
    Prescott College, AZ
    Counseling Psychology (MA) with ecopsychology, ecotherapy, and adventure-based psychotherapy concentrations; Education (PhD) with sustainability education concentration
    Royal Roads University, British Columbia (Canada)
    Environmental Education and Communication (MA)
    Saybrook University, CA
    Psychology (MA/PsyD/PhD) with sustainability certificate and ecological psychology focus
    Tallin University (Estonia)
    Environmental Psychology and Sociology Research Unit
    University of Arizona
    Cognitive Psychology (PhD) with environmental psychology sub-area; Ethology/Evolutionary Psychology (PhD) with Behavioral Ecology emphasis
    University of Barcelona (Spain)
    Psychosocial Intervention (MA/PhD); Public Space & Urban Regeneration (PhD)
    University of California, Irvine
    Social Ecology (MA/PhD) with optional emphasis in environmental analysis and design; Urban & Regional Planning (MURP/PhD); Planning, Policy, & Design (PhD)
    University of Colorado, Denver
    Design & Planning (PhD) with Sustainable & Healthy Environments track
    University of Melbourne (Australia)
    Land & Environment (MPhil/PhD); Environment (ME); both with environmental and society coursework and research
    University of Michigan
    Natural Resources & Environment (MS/PhD) with environmental and conservation psychology coursework and research
    University of New Hampshire
    Kinesiology: Outdoor Education (MSW/MS) with focus on adventure therapy; Experiential/Outdoor Education (PhD)
    René Descartes University (France)
    Population and Development (MA); Environmental Psychology lab
    University of Surrey (England)
    Environmental Psychology (MSc)
    University of Utah
    Environmental Humanities (MA); Human Development & Social Policy (MS) with Environment Behavior/Community Studies track; Urban Planning (MUP)
    University of Victoria, British Columbia (Canada)
    Psychology (MSc/PhD) with individualized program in environmental psychology (with Robert Gifford)
    University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee: Behavior Analysis (MS)
    Urban Planning (MUP) with emphasis in sustainability; Environmental and Occupational Health (PhD)
    University of Wisconsin, Superior
    Art Therapy (MA) with Expressive Ecopsychology concentration
    University of Washington
    Developmental Psychology (PhD) with emphasis in human-nature interaction
    York University, Ontario (Canada)
    Environmental Studies (MES) with coursework in psychology, planning, and community studies

  7. #37
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    NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

    Neuropsychology
    studies the structure and function of the brain as they relate to specific psychological processes and behaviors. It is seen as a clinical and experimental field of psychology that aims to study, assess, understand and treat behaviors directly related to brain functioning. The term neuropsychology has been applied to lesion studies in humans and animals. It has also been applied to efforts to record electrical activity from individual cells (or groups of cells) in higher primates (including some studies of human patients). It is scientific in its approach, making use of neuroscience, and shares an information processing view of the mind with cognitive psychology and cognitive science.
    In practice neuropsychologists tend to work in clinical settings (involved in assessing or treating patients with neuropsychological problems – see clinical neuropsychology), forensic settings or industry (often as consultants where neuropsychological knowledge is applied to product design or in the management of pharmaceutical clinical-trials research for drugs that might have a potential impact on CNS functioning

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    NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

    Methods and tools


    The use of standardized neuropsychological tests. These tasks have been designed so the performance on the task can be linked to specific neurocognitive processes. These tests are typically standardized, meaning that they have been administered to a specific group (or groups) of individuals before being used in individual clinical cases. The data resulting from standardization are known as normative data. After these data have been collected and analyzed, they are used as the comparative standard against which individual performances can be compared. Examples of neuropsychological tests include: the Wechsler Adult Memory Scale (WMS), the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). Other tests include the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery, the Boston Naming Test, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Benton Visual Retention Test, and the Controlled Oral Word Association. (The Woodcock Johnson and the Nelson-Denny are not neuropsychological tests per se. They are psycho-educational batteries of tests used to measure an individual's intra-disciplinary strengths and weakness in specific academic areas (writing, reading and arithmetic


    The use of brain scans to investigate the structure or function of the brain is common, either as simply a way of better assessing brain injury with high resolution pictures, or by examining the relative activations of different brain areas. Such technologies may include fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) and positron emission tomography (PET), which yields data related to functioning, as well as MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and computed axial tomography (CAT or CT), which yields structural data


    The use of electrophysiological measures designed to measure the activation of the brain by measuring the electrical or magnetic field produced by the nervous system. This may include electroencephalography (EEG) or magneto-encephalography (MEG


    The use of designed experimental tasks, often controlled by computer and typically measuring reaction time and accuracy on a particular tasks thought to be related to a specific neurocognitive process. An example of this is the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB).

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    NEUROPSYCHOLOGY


    What do Neuropsychology Programs Teach

    Neuropsychology programs can have a different focus depending on which one of the many neuropsychology programs you decide to apply for. Some neuropsychology programs will focus on research while other neuropsychology programs will focus on clinical treatment. Some neuropsychology programs will attempt to give you a solid grounding in both but students usually need to decide which area they want to focus on.

    So what do neuropsychology programs teach? Neuropsychology programs will teach you about the relationship between psychological processes, the brain and behavior. Research focused neuropsychology programs will teach a prospective student how to devise hypotheses as well as how to test these hypotheses in both academic and laboratory settings.
    Treatment focused neuropsychology programs will teach you methods to diagnose and treat patients suffering from various brain ailments. Treatment focused neuropsychology programs will instruct you how to connect a patient's behavior to the physical changes and processes that occur within the brain.

    Both research and treatment focused neuropsychology programs will give training in brain anatomy and brain function. They will also teach students about neurological injuries and diseases.
    Neuropsychology programs will also give you the ability to administer a number of standardized neurological tests. These tests will measure a patient's abstract reasoning ability, concentration, short and long term memory as well as other psychological and cognitive processes. The tests can be used to diagnose any brain dysfunction or problems that a patient is suffering.
    Neuropsychology programs also give the graduate the necessary skills to use brain scans to assess possible brain injuries or to record responses in various areas of the brain.
    Examples of some brain scans are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed axial tomography (CAT) scans. These scans look at the structure of the brain. To investigate brain functioning, you will learn to use functional magnetic resonance imaging scans (fMRI) or positron emission tomography scans (PET) Neuropsychology programs will also teach the use of electroencephalography (EEG) exams as well as magneto-encephalography exams (MEG).
    These scans will measure the electrical or magnetic field created by the nervous system in order to measure brain activation. Another area of study taught in neuropsychology programs is the use of experimental tasks which usually measure reaction time and accuracy on a certain task. The task performed is connected to a specific neurocognitive process.





  10. #40
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    NEUROPSYCHOLOGY


    Requirements for Neuropsychology Programs


    In order to qualify for one of the many neuropsychology programs that are available, you first have to complete an undergraduate degree. Neuropsychology programs prefer students who have undergraduate degrees in psychology, biology or neuroscience.
    A few undergraduates will have also studied computer science which is helpful for researching issues in artificial intelligence. Although there are a few master's degrees that focus on clinical neuropsychology, the majority of programs are doctoral degrees. The degrees offered by neuropsychology programs could be either a doctor of philosophy or a doctor of psychology depending on the area of neuropsychology that a person wants to specialize in.
    Most of the neuropsychology programs are very competitive so prospective candidates need to gain some prior research experience as well as graduate from a relevant undergraduate program.
    If you are interested in attending one of the neuropsychology programs available, you may want to volunteer in a research lab to get some of the research qualifications necessary for acceptance. You will also need to do well on the Graduate Records Examination (GRE) so you may want to take a prep course before writing this examination.
    After completing the doctorate program, students may need to complete an internship where they are supervised by practicing neuropsychologists to gain experience treating neurological problems.
    Neuropsychologists may also decide to be certified through the American Board of Clinical Neuropsychology (ABCN) or the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN). Many employers prefer their neuropsychologists to have this certification although at this time it is not required by law




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